A Glimpse on Cultural Privilege in terms of Gender in Nepal

By Prakash Rawat

Identities are socially, culturally, politically, economically, nationally and internationally set of values and construct which has been a most debatable discourse as it has been defined through different eyes. The identities of any individual are displayed or realized upon his/her social, geographical status and interconnected with different aspects. While defining cultural identities of majority of Nepali Male beings, are strongly tied with Hindu mythologies or spontaneous governing rules constructed and transferred by tradition.  Our Nepali society which has lots of diversities and multiplicities in villages, communities but the oneness is visible while providing privilege in different walks of life to the males. The exceptional cases could be found where Females are given culturally privilege due to certain circumstances but overall social stratification is always discriminating in terms of Gender. The Nepalese society has carried its own norms and values through different angels. The set cultural values, treatment and division of work since history have been taken the shape of social codes which are still rampant despite many reformative attempts in different level. This short article presents the true face of my society in Nepal while viewing the gender issues where majority of educated as well as uneducated people are still trapped in deep rooted Hindu cultural values.

Gender is a broader concept and an important issue to be interpreted in different angles but in many cases it has been taken narrowly and stereotypically in surface level just as the concept of sex, either male or female.  The Gender concept is indeed the concept of overall life structure how the people in the society perform their duties and responsibilities. Nepal is practicing patriarchal system of society  since the long history where Male has always power to rule the family. There is more privilege of males in each and every age group though the concept is slightly changing to rule the family or society through intellectuality and capacity by female as well. The people from older generation still advocate and enjoy seeing male beings with more privilege. The following examples prove that how a deep culture has socially constructed to provide the big space for males; the responsibility of heading and controlling the family comes to the son in the case his father dies in early age and mother has the vulnerable position. Those who lost their husbands (widows) in early age are considered ”impure”[1] which is the most vulnerable situation of young widows and more it seems immoral or sin to get married with other male since she is suppose to pray for her died husband being widow till her whole life for his good place in heaven. On the contrary, if the husband loses his wife or male becomes widower in early age it seems bravery or acceptable from the society to marry another lady. The society considers it as a normal practice to be followed. So, there are a lots of privileges provided to males rather than females in eastern or Nepalese society.  These stereotypes which are not tolerable by modern society are gradually changing but still the practice is rampant everywhere within the Hindu extremists. If we just talk about a family where a boy is sent to Private schools due to good facilities for the students whereas girls are sent to governmental schools where lacks the minimum requirements. These over-mentioned examples are just representatives but in real life situation we can experience many more.

In this patriarchal society, the male has been considered as a hero.  Feminists either accept or reject the reality in present time, the patriarchy has taken another shape in present modern society where male and female are equally educated or equivalent in their way of life but their roles is still determined by tradition.  For example, even if both husband and wife are equally educated but the responsibility of male remains to feed his wife and family. If he fails to get job and his wife is feeding the family, the society will tease the male as being impotent and lacking mannish quality. For Females after getting married if they are without jobs that can be digested by society to be dependent from her husband but for husband to be like that is shame.

Since I grew up in patriarchal society and I have witnessed the privilege of males in each and every cultural rules and beliefs. My close reading and field experience working with social organizations in rural parts of the country have made me conclude that our society has still needs to be changed from the deep rooted traditional culture for development.

The change in society must not be expected as a sudden.  There is collective need of young and educated youths to be totally devoted for the social and cultural development which may take decades since there are many areas to be changed and transformed. There is still need to throw the evil and dirt from the society which hinders for the social harmony and gender equity. As a result of this, the society will be free of violence and conflict. The educational, cultural, economical and social structures should be restructured through awareness, trainings and providing education. The norms and values are so much intricate and strongly woven that the normal attempt will be failure to get success. So, the mission of youths should be strategic to get success upon it while mobilizing all the actors of society.

Hence, Identities are multiple and multi-faceted in its form but interconnected each other. Identities are sometimes culturally constructed which always hinders for the overall development of society. The identity can be prioritized upon the situation and circumstances but they are to be determined for the overall transformation of society in positive direction so that the real harmony and social justice could be achieved. One way or other way the gender plays vital role to create anyone’s identities and identities through its proper use can assist for peace building and conflict transformation. The cultural concept to provide more privilege in terms of gender is irrational exercise and such concept must be transformed to create equal space for any gender to see the harmonious society.

Contact: rawat_salyan@yahoo.com

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[1] Widows are considered culturally impure in Hindu culture and required to wear only white clothes. Impure in the sense that they are not allowed to wear ornaments and considered not to participate in any religious ceremonies.

My One Night of Maoist Armed Conflict in Nepal

By Prakash Rawat

The question always hits me, should I share my experience when thousands of rural people in Nepal were forcefully participated in Armed Conflict, including myself, conducted by Maoist during the high time in 2002.Or should I keep this story untold with me so that I always feel panic of memorizing? Now my limits of endurance overflowed. The day still I remember was on 21 February 2002, all the farmers in my village were busy in ginger harvesting. I was in the firm with my parents and other two local workers whom we have hired them for that day. It was about 3 o’clock in the day, a group of people about 3 came to us and we all recognized them because one of them was from our village involving in CPN (M) party and two were unknown faces. While they were approaching close towards our field we thought ‘may be they are coming to take ginger’ because it was customary to provide them donation of any cereals that has been cultivated in the village. But the reality was different; one of them ordered us, “each individual from every house to be gathered in school at 5 o’clock”. I tried to be clarified and asked ‘for what’? He responded,’ just be at 5 o’clock in the school and all things will be clear there’. Again I was not satisfied with his answer since I wanted to finish my ginger work by five o’clock with two hired workers and I seek more clarification with my explanation of urgency of work and asked a favor if we will not come at school? He furiously responded, ‘then we will not be responsible if something happens in the future’. I was not used to understand of their satirical language and activities because most of the time I was living in city for my study. His threatening language made my parent upset and later, they scolded me of being harsh to them since my life could be at risk. Then after, hurriedly my two hired workers ran to participate in the school and my father also was trying to get ready. Then, I thought why not to participate myself? I asked for permission to my parent but they did not want to me join. I questioned my parent, please let me go since its just 15 minutes walking distance to school and another thing I will have experience in these types of political activity. After many insist my father explained me that there is no certainty of their saying and time. They say in the beginning that the venue of their program is close and they even sometimes take in such a far distance which may take 4-5 days to return back home. I was also told that at least one member from a family is mandatory to participate in any condition, otherwise the threats of life or anything could come from Maoist side. Due to high time of insurgency, it was very hard to see young man like me in the villages, where they were in government security forces, or in Maoist people’s Liberation Army (PLA) if they were not in city for study or escaped to India. So, due to this fact only old people used to involve in the Maoist local activities and parents were very much afraid of young people like me to be in the village due to the fear that either joining with Maoist or suffered unnecessarily by government forces. But at that day, due to my continuous insist, my parent let me join the Maoist activity.

At sharp 5 O’clock most of the villagers were gathered in school ground and one of the local Maoist Leader announced to follow the villagers saying that their order upper chain of command came to go for another venue. More, the leader instructed that all the participants to chant slogans and keep on following wherever they lead us. As we walked about two hours, we were strongly warned that everybody has to stand in his/her place and not to proceed either back or forth but keep continuing chanting the slogans. It was already dark at 7 o’clock and all we from our Village recognized the place well because it was not so far and I noticed more than 5 thousand people assembled at that place. I read the different faces of the people which were full of despair and anger but nobody would utter even a single word because the life for everyone was important. I could noticed the place which was about 5 Kilometer far upper hill from the Nepal Army Barrack named Bagchaur, Tharmare and even I could see the blinking lights in the every upper hills like our distance from Barack of the Baghchaur, Tharmare. It was after few moments of reaching there, the leader of the mass instructed to chant slogans in big voice once he opens a fire. At that moment, most of the people realized their last moment of life thinking that they are going to attack Nepal Army Barrack located 5 Kilometer down and there is no way of defense because neither there were Maoist fighters nor arms, there were only the poor people like us. Few people tried to escape from the backside including me but there was no execuse because some young Maoist Militias were there to stop. Then, after opening the firing from the leader the chant of slogan continues for two hours without any break. Nepal Army on the other side was continuously firing as if they have millions of arms and ammunitions. The Nepal army never stopped firing during two hours and in different three hills ignorant people like us were chanting slogans. The environment seemed as if we were mocking the death from very close but the people felt sigh of relief when the leader allowed people to go back in respective places. He gave a big thankful speech of supporting “Great People’s War” and making their program successful.

Then, all people returned back to their destinations. For us, it was just two hours walking and we could tolerate our hungriness easily but I witnessed that very old man and women brought from far away without any pre information. It was pity enough to see their situation because they were in such helpless situation that neither they could protest nor they could prepare themselves for participation. After returning back to home, my poor parents were waiting for my arrival though they were not certain of me whether I could return same night. I explained to my parent of what happened during those hours.  I was questioning of why we were taken to tease the Nepal Army? I could not sleep at that night thinking what I have experienced. For me, it was like a dream which I never thought of. I prayed such days never come in my life, not because my life was in risk but because it was a not a pleasant moment to see those old men and women who were struggling without questioning and in return of not gaining anything. It was a pity for those old people who were chanting the slogans without their willingness.

In the next day, my neighbor uncle ran to me with his Radio and said me the radio broadcasted news, “In Sitalpati, Salyan 33 policemen were killed in Maoist attack last night”. Then I understood the reason why we were used to surround the Army Barack and engage them in their place so that they could not go for help to the Police post in Sitalpati. The sad news of killing 33 policemen made me upset and I acknowledged the gurilla war strategy of Maoist.

I have never thought of involving in such incident in my life. I realized that there was massive movement in the village during night time not only due to this incident but other political movements of Maoists were continuous. I felt quite opposite experience in the city life. The life in the city during night time was like a hell, no movements were allowed due to curfew. It was quite opposite in the city and village. When I analyze and critically examine the current situation of the country and behavior of Political parties, I hardly control of myself. I often question myself, what those poor rural people might have thinking about the current situation? Are they really happy with our Political parties Leaders, especially with Maoist?  Did they get anything in return when they were involving in Maoist movement willingly or unwillingly, not like me by chance but every moment in ten years? Are they getting any signs of fulfilling their wishes promised by leaders? I do not find positive answer on it. I just say because I am also tired of their activities, Thanks to our Political parties and leaders. You are great thinkers and ideal leaders for people! Keep it up for the peace and development of the country!

Contact: rawat_salyan@yahoo.com

Expectation of International Community for Peace and Development in Nepal

By Prakash Rawat

Nepal is a South Asian country currently emerged from internal conflict. During this long transitional phase from 2006 to the date, the restructure as well as reconstruction of the country is very slow. While talking about the engagement of International community in different arenas, we cannot ignore the fact of benefits taken by Nepal. Nepal, as a Member State of United Nations from 1955, she has been supported by United Nations and International Community in socio-economic as well as conflict resolution sector since its inception. The engagement of UN and other non-governmental organization in rural poor society has not been fully realized yet where people have a hope to get more support in socio-economic areas. The real need of the present situation in Nepal realized by everyone is to consolidate the peace process and promulgation of New Constitution even though other development activities are there to be accomplished.  The direct or indirect support of International Community either initiating of peace process or abolishing of monarchy in 2006 is undeniable. Despite few controversies and criticisms of United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) since its arrival in 2007 invited by parties in Nepal upon the signing of Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) with the mandate given to monitor the ceasefire, monitor and assist the free and fair Constituent Assembly Election held in 2008 and to monitor the Armies of both parties Government and Maoist through signing AMMA&A (Agreement on the Monitoring and management of Arms and Armies) has a significant support to bring the peace process at this situation. Despite this the other permanent UN entities to provide development and social service are continuously assisting the countries socio-economic situation. Nepal also welcomed the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNOHCHR) to monitor the violations committed on Human rights issues during war and its aftermath. In particular talking about Peace building issue, UNMIN has performed its admirable acts even though the negative criticisms were rampant everywhere. At the beginning of January 2011, UNMIN was bid farewell despite ignoring the fact of its need but still other UN entities are assisting for the concluding peace process through the involvement in socio-economic sector. UN as a world’s largest trusted international organization has also criticisms being more bureaucratic and particularly in Nepal having limited area of intervention on its projects. The present need of Nepal is to fulfill the task of completing peace process through implementing CPA and promulgation of new constitution by May 2012. In this scenario the role of UN and International community has been realized more to create pressure and support positively to achieve these important goals. In the present situation things are directing in affirmative path for peace process and constitution drafting but still it’s not time to be fully convinced due to changing character of our leaders. There are still many important promises and agreements committed by Political parties which are not even started yet.

The formation of Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was one of the most important commitments made by the signatory parties to investigate and provide transitional justice to the victims of war, disappeared families which took one decades conflict in Nepal. Thousands of disappeared family members are still waiting to see their dearest and nearest ones who have not been publicized about their whereabouts. Likewise, the reports and recommendations provided by National and International Human Rights agencies including United Nations Office of the Human Rights Commission for Human Rights (UNOHCHR) are ignored by Nepal government. So, in this scenario, the role of UN and International community is must to pressurize Nepal government for formation of this commission as to respect Human rights and international law to provide the justice to the victims.

The support of international community can be expected in an important issue about the proper management of ex “Disqualified” discharged Maoist combatants in 2010. Though their recent protest programs, including ‘Bandha’ in the different parts of the country must have given pressure to the government as well as concerned authorities and it is yet to see how their demands will be addressed or the debates can be conducted either their demands are reasonable or not. But the immediate steps to be taken are to see the matter seriously about their peaceful settlement and rehabilitation into society. The tag of ‘disqualified’ given to them by UNMIN was not any emotional decision of UNMIN solely rather it was an important steps agreed by CPN (M), Government and UNMIN while accomplishing the great task of peace process in Nepal. But, now Nepal government taking the help of UN and other interested international community must have to introduce reliable package programs for these ex disqualified combatants. The current skill based, vocational trainings and supports provided to disqualified combatants by UN in the different parts of the country might not be enough to sustain their livelihood but to protest even to organize the ‘Bandha’ in different parts of the country is not solution to get addressed their problems. Their big demands could also be beyond the reality but their proper settlement in the society must be considered in priority by government for the sustainable peace and development.

The Army Especial Committee, formed by Nepal government under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister to integrate, rehabilitate and management of Maoist Combatants has already completed to classify the individual wishes of Maoist Combatants either they will choose reintegration or voluntary retirement or rehabilitation package total of 19,601 combatants residing in different 7 temporary cantonments of the country. This time also Nepal Government has failed to attract to those who wanted to choose rehabilitation package like the time of ‘disqualified’ ones to come up with any reliable and sustainable package proposals due to which an insignificant number of combatants opted on it. Here in this scenario UN and other International community can support for those who have opted for voluntarily retirement with the guarantee of proper utilization of money. Likewise, to receive the expertise and long international experience of UN in terms of reintegration of Maoist Combatants into security forces should be welcomed by Nepal Government and UN, as a symbol of fostering peace and stability all over the world must be ready to provide technical as well as financial support for durable peace. Having doing so, the trust and credibility of Nepali people will be increased for their real involvement for fulfilling and supporting in the expectation of peace.

The current post-conflict society in Nepal needs to intervene with some projects and programs targeting to reconcile and create harmony among the warring side in mostly conflict affected areas. The broader study on why the rural poor location of the country became epic-center of Maoist insurgency and the real assessment on this society in the current time is very important. The wounds of war in these communities are still not omitted and people are living in despair and looking for right time to take revenge. So, Nepal government, UN and other national and international community must think to introduce some effective and innovative projects to promote the dialogues among the warring parties in the past and create the environment of brotherhood and trust. Those projects which can bring all parties of war together into discussion, working and sharing for their future life will be the best medium to accelerate for peaceful community.

The undeniable fact is that the importance of UN and international community for the support of peace and development is unquestionable but it will be again shameful for us to be heavily relied on all the time. The seeking of dependency on others will always prevent our potentialities for future Nepal. This is the right time of Nepal to learn for developing and solving our own issues ourselves. The importance of UN and International community for conflict resolution in terms of seeking their international expertise and experiences is still needed but total ignorance and dependence on them will be misfortune for us. At last but not the least, the role of UN and International Community must come without any hidden interest to exploit, otherwise, the sustainable social transformation through peace and development cannot be achieved.

Contact: rawat_salyan@yahoo.com

Is Really Our Democracy Failing?

By Prakash Rawat

The universal meaning of ‘Democracy’ for oneness is impossible. There are multiple factors for people to be assimilated with democracy. We can question whether there is limitation of Democracy or can we view through concrete eye? Certainly no. Here, my concern is how I understood the evolution of democracy in relation to my country Nepal. Historically, Nepal practiced democracy since 1951 but it was time and again snatched by autocratic monarchy and greedy power politics. From the monarchy regime to the current Federal Democratic governance system, varied forms of democracy have been realized, interpreted and internalized. The word ‘Democracy’ is always played like a football without goal because our players in politics are so smart and they never tired unlike our real football players. Here, our concern is really our democracy failing? Or are we in the phase of child democracy? Should we give more time for our political actors because last 20-30 years time was not enough for them to institutionalize the democracy? Now the time has come to us because we are creator of our own future. We are not agreed that our democracy is failing rather our politicians are failing.  This failure of politicians is almost common ‘disease’ for every underdeveloped or developing country.  But there is no way to escape from the responsibility of democracy because there is no alternative to it.

Nepal known as a country of Himalayan region and natural beauties and place for multiple opportunities, many well-wishers in outside world expect not to be as a battleground of dirty politics in current post-conflict situation. The political instability and game of power politics for chair irritated many people and attraction of many youths to search for opportunities in other countries has pushed Nepal many years back.  One day the situation may come that Nepali people will be ashamed to be “Nepali”. The struggle with poverty in whole life cannot be tolerable and the sweet dreams promised by Political leaders during their Campaign and election will not be welcomed all the time. When the limits of frustration exceeds, no one can imagine how the fate of politicians will be.

While talking about the current situation of the country, till when we can wait to see our dreams to be fulfilled promised by Parties? We have been waiting for more than four years to be completed peace process and constitution drafting process which was promised by major actors to be fulfilled in two years. The political parties and ‘so-called’ leaders defense as saying that “these are the serious matters to be taken longer times than expected” but Nepali people gave them quite double more time than they asked. Now, we can question them, did you ask with Nepali people while signing the agreements to provide new constitution and peace process to be completed in two years?  Have you ever realized that Nepali people are not happy to accept extension of Constituent Assembly Terms many times? we, Nepali people accepted it easily because we are easy to forgive the mistakes but now the limits of endurance can be broken and the days to reject you may come at any time.

It’s not noteworthy to talk about overall failures of political leaders in Nepal who are not fulfilling their tasks but the fact is that why we are not able to choose our leaders who are capable to act as democratic leaders or who are not fulfilling the promises that they committed in front of us? Every layman has the right to raise the question that why we are so much flexible to accept the repeated mistakes of our ‘leaders’? Are we not capable to replace these ‘so-called leaders” or are we not enough to follow the democratic exercises?

This problem is everywhere in developing countries where fundamental necessities are always shadowing the ideal meanings of democracy. The poverty and ignorance of people to understand the true face of democracy always gives more ground to so-called politicians to play their games of “loss and benefits” through the means of politics. The most of the developing countries, like, Nepal and its people are always made of ‘puppet’ by political leaders and utilized for their certain motives.

The poverty and lack of education among the most of the population makes passive followers of political parties and leaders where they do not have any vision except to win the election for their personnel well-beings and earnings.  Having saying this and blaming the disgusting activities of political parties in Nepal, even there is no way except bring them into right track since the alternative of democracy is also democracy. So, the present reality is that the parties are losing their credibility and trust day by day, which one day the form of democracy may take another chapter if the existing political parties are not aware in time but democracy will not be failed.

This criticism may seem stupid to the ‘so-called’ agent of democracy and political parties but the ground reality of not achieving overall development lies with the failure of leaders to drive the country in right direction. They do not know exactly what the vision and motives they have ahead while involving in politics. They could defend saying that they have their party ideology or declaration but nothing that works in practical. So, I must say if you work for democracy and its true manifestation in the developing country, create your vision how you can apply your innovative ideas to be suited in your locality, community and areas. To be more philosophical and ideological is not needed, what needed is just to be democratic and to fulfill the promises what you have committed with your people.

We agree that there are multiple issues to be addressed and all of them cannot be solved at the same time. But the question is why nothing is addressed even if the enough space was provided to you. Now its time to ask you, are you really mocking with democracy or plying with the endurance of people? If so, your days have gone and status quo does not bloom all the time.  One day, new leaders can emerge who can have power to understand and implement the beauties of democracy. So, let them to work and leave the ground. Now, the democracy must be accelerated with new spirit and ideas.

Contact: rawat_salyan@yahoo.com

How Do We Understand Democracy?

 

 By Prakash Rawat

Democracy and Peace are interpreted in different aspects even though these elements are interlinked each other. To look for universal meaning of these two words, will be an immature idea due to the varied opinion and perception of the people in their understanding. The connotation between ‘Democracy’ and ‘Peace’ is frequently exercised where the existence and evolution of both elements is necessary for the democratic system either in developed country or underdeveloped. The ideal form of democracy will be realized where there will be fully fledged peaceful situation. While defining democracy in its perfect sense, the underlying factor is how people are happy and satisfied to live in Peace. So, democracy in current time must be measured by the situation of Peace, stability and perfection.

The majority of people think democracy in limited fundamental aspects, like, multi-party system, periodic election, independent judiciary, freedom of speech, Human rights and so on. The grave issue of “Peace” in relation to democracy has been hardly realized in most of the countries. Either people automatically internalize the essence of peace in democracy or they tend to marginalize the contribution of peace in democracy, which can be the broader area for discussion. Analyzing the forms of democracy around the world and people’s understanding on it is varied. There is no doubt that people around the globe may consider the leaders around the world are carrying and exercising democratic practices. For instance, rulers like, Gaddafi in Libya, Mubarak in Egypt are criticized in world scenario being autocratic but still there could be also big mass to support them. The hungry people of dying without food in Poor African and Asian countries might think that the democracy is to feed their belly as the fundamental aspects. These are the just few examples of how ‘democracy’ is interpreted. The vested interest of individuals either they are politicians or commoners make the different meaning of democracy to see it.

In the context of Nepal, the understanding of democracy and its interpretation is also varied among the people. If “Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, for the people” as Lincoln stated, it may not work in the present context due to its changing time and context. Though nobody can ignore this interpretation of democracy and the current multi-dimensional society must have to relate ‘Peace’ to understand democracy. The meaning of democracy cannot be understood solely as activities conducted by the government and people’s representatives.

Nepal has been entered into ‘Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal’ since the abolition of monarchy after the historical Constituent Assembly Election held in 2008 April. The official ending of conflict in 2006 upon the signing of Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) by the then CPN (Maoist) and Government has not provided any remarkable outputs or their promises in signature to Nepali people. The role of government and Constituent Assembly to draft new constitution and ‘logical ending of peace process’ by integration, rehabilitation and management of Maoist combatants into Security forces and society is still at crossroads.  Currently, the integration, rehabilitation process for Maoist combatants has been stepped little bit forward through classified the combatants for their voluntary retirement, Integration into security forces or rehabilitation but the process again stopped to implement into practice after the options chosen by Maoist Combatants. The all walks of life in Nepal are expecting to complete this process soon. Even the major political parties must be speedy while on drafting new constitution through narrowing down their differences. If these two issues are dealt in near future, Nepal will go for seeking its Democratic stability. Here, unforgettable fact is that the durable peace or unquestioned peace is important for democracy. If we take the example of Switzerland, known as the most peaceful and one of the democratic country in the world also has varied opinions in its democracy.  Some critics even state that there is “social Inequality” due to the economic differences among the people.  In this scenario, the essence and meaning of democracy can be seen in different angles. The main question remains, is it possible to have democracy without peace? The answer is certainly ‘no’. The current peace in Nepal is ‘silent’ or ‘absence of violence” where there is always possibility of escalating of violence. Here, one of the important factor is that the spirit of democracy must be connected with the socio-political situation and we must not be failed to mention anywhere about the peace and its relativity with democracy which is the basic elements for the democracy.

The understanding of democracy by Political party and leaders in Nepal is varied in terms of their political ideology. Their priority never realized for achieving democratically stabilized country with peace and prosperity. Their hunger for power and thirst for physical property is always blocking the dreams of Nepali people to see the country with peace and democracy. Until the time, major political actors in Nepal do not realize this bitter fact, our future will be ruining and future generation will be struggling for their sound future.

Thus, the term “Peace” and “Democracy” are interconnected and inter dependent each other. This is the responsibility of every citizen to work for it either pressurizing to the concerned authorities or involving in true politics, otherwise the realization of democracy will be just a dream.

(Mr. Rawat is a student of Masters of Advanced Studies in Peace and Conflict Transformation in World Peace Academy, University of Basel, Switzerland)

rawat_salyan@yahoo.com

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